And the last module introduces you to two mysterious components of the Universe, namely Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Module 7 deals with our ways to search for new phenomena. The modules 4 to 6 go into more depth about matter and forces as described by the standard model of particle physics. Each group consists of six particles, which are related in pairs, or generations. Following the first one which introduces our subject, the modules 2 (nuclear physics)Īnd 3 (accelerators and detectors) are rather self contained and can be studied separately. These particles occur in two basic types called quarks and leptons. The course is structured in eight modules. What can one learn from particle physics concerning astrophysics and the Universe as a whole? How does one search for new phenomena beyond the known ones? What is the mass of objects at the subatomic level and how does the Higgs boson intervene? How do weak interactions work and why are they so special? How do strong interactions work and why are they difficult to understand? Developing a theory that seamlessly combines relativity and quantum mechanics, the most important conceptual breakthroughs in twentieth century physics. How do electromagnetic interactions work and how can one use them? What does one learn from particle reactions at high energies and particle decays? How does one accelerate and detect particles and measure their properties? What are the properties of atomic nuclei and how can one use them? The fabulous success of the Standard Model has given us a framework for the interpretation of most particle interactions, but it has also created a foundation from. What are the concepts of particle physics and how are they implemented? The goal of high energy physics is the understanding of the elementary particles that are the fundamental constituents of matter. More specifically, the following questions are addressed: The most compelling links between cosmological observations and fundamental theory involve dark matter, inflation, the cosmological baryon excess and dark energy.This course introduces you to subatomic physics, i.e. All of these fundamental questions about particles and spacetime lead to corresponding questions about the early history of the universe at ever higher temperatures. Matter Particles Have Wave-Like Natures and Particle-Like Natures, E.g Photons. Is this physics related to new strong forces of nature, to new underlying symmetries that relate particles of different spin, or to additional spatial dimensions that have so far remained hidden? Will this physics include the particles that constitute the dark matter of the universe, and will measurements at the LHC allow a prediction of the observed cosmological abundance? String theory remains the leading candidate for a quantum theory of gravity, but a crucial debate has emerged as to whether its predictions are unique, or whether our universe is part of a multiverse. As experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) directly probe the TeV energy scale, questions about the origin of the weak scale and of particle masses become paramount. Particle theory addresses a host of fundamental questions about particles, symmetries and spacetime. New facilities coming online in the next decade promise to open new horizons and revolutionize our view of the particle world. Experimental exploration of these questions requires advances in accelerator and detector technologies to unprecedented energy reach as well as sensitivity and precision. They knew that atoms contained electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus. The energy scales relevant for these questions range from the TeV to perhaps the Planck scale. Physicists of the 1920s thought they had a solid grasp on what made up matter. A particle physicist is not content to study the microscopic world of cells, molecules, atoms, or even atomic nuclei. Broadly defined, particle physics aims to answer the fundamental questions of the nature of mass, energy, and matter, and their relations to the cosmological history of the Universe.Īs the recent discoveries of the Higgs Boson, neutrino oscillations, as well as direct evidence of cosmic inflation have shown, there is great excitement and anticipation about the next round of compelling questions about the origin of particle masses, the nature of dark matter, and the role leptons, and in particular neutrinos, may play in the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe.
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